VOL-7 Test 1 Passage 1 — IELTS Reading

<p>The naturalist and author of Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, was fascinated by carnivorous plants. In 1860, soon after he came across his first carnivorous plant - the sundew, Drosera - he wrote, ‘I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world.’ He spent months running experiments on the plants. He dropped flies and bits of meat on their leaves and watched them slowly fold their sticky tentacles over their prey. He thought it incredible that brushing a leaf with a single strand of human hair was enough to bring about a response. Yet sundews, he observed, ignored raindrops. To react to such a false alarm, he reasoned, would obviously be a great evil to the plant. This was no accident. This was adaptation.</p>

<p>The naturalist and author of Origin of Species, Charles Darwin, was fascinated by carnivorous plants. In 1860, soon after he came across his first carnivorous plant - the sundew, Drosera - he wrote, ‘I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world.’ He spent months running experiments on the plants. He dropped flies and bits of meat on their leaves and watched them slowly fold their sticky tentacles over their prey. He thought it incredible that brushing a leaf with a single strand of human hair was enough to bring about a response. Yet sundews, he observed, ignored raindrops. To react to such a false alarm, he reasoned, would obviously be a great evil to the plant. This was no accident. This was adaptation.</p>

<p>Darwin expanded his studies from sundews to other species in his book Insectivorous Plants. He was amazed at the quickness and power of the Venus flytrap. He showed that when one of its leaves snapped shut, it formed itself into a temporary ‘stomach’, secreting enzymes that could dissolve the prey. He noted that a leaf took more than a week to reopen after closing, and reasoned that the interlocking spines along the margin of the leaf allowed tiny insects to escape, saving the plant the expense of digesting an insufficient meal.</p>

<p><code>T</code>oday, biologists using 21st-century tools to study cells and DNA are beginning to understand how these plants hunt, eat, and digest - and how these strange adaptations came about in the first place. Alexander Volkov, a plant physiologist at Oakwood University in Alabama, believes he has figured out the Venus flytrap’s secret. ‘This,’ Volkov declares, ‘is an electrical plant.’</p>

<p>When an insect brushes against a hair on the leaf of a Venus flytrap, the movement sets off an electric charge. The charge builds up inside the tissue of the leaf but is not enough to stimulate the snap, which keeps the Venus flytrap from reacting to false alarms, such as raindrops. An insect, however, is likely to brush a second hair, adding enough electric charge for the leaf to close.</p>

<p>Volkov’s experiments reveal that the electric charge travels down fluid-filled tunnels in a leaf, which opens up pores in cell membranes. Water rushes from the cells on the inside of the leaf to those on the outside, causing the leaf to rapidly flip in shape from convex to concave, like a soft contact lens. As the leaves flip, they snap together, trapping an insect inside.</p>

<p>The bladderwort plant has an equally sophisticated way of setting its underwater trap. It pumps water out of tiny air sacs or bladders, lowering the pressure inside. When a water flea or some other small creature swims past, it bends hairs on the bladder, causing a flap to spring apart. The low pressure sucks water in, carrying the creature along with it. In one five-hundredth of a second, the flap swings shut again. The cells in the bladder then begin to pump water out again, creating a new vacuum. Many other species of carnivorous plants act like living flypaper, catching animals on sticky tentacles. Pitcher plants use yet another strategy, growing long tube-shaped leaves into which insects fall. Some of the largest have pitchers up to 30cm deep and can consume whole frogs unlucky enough to fall into them. Sophisticated chemistry helps make the pitcher a death trap.</p>